Quick answer: Godot 4 shader's light_mode pass not running when scene has no enabled lights? Pass is conditionally compiled; toggle a light on or use unshaded pass.
Light pass shader on a UI element; UI doesn't have lights in scene; the shader doesn't render.
Use unshaded
If lighting isn't actually needed, unshaded path. Always runs.
Or add a dummy light
Off-screen Light2D with energy = 0. Triggers the light pass; renders the shader.
Audit shader passes
Each pass has prerequisites. Document; check at the project level.
“Shader passes are conditional. The conditions are implicit; make them explicit.”
If your shader doesn't render, the pass selection is a likely culprit. Read the docs; understand the conditions.